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Jewish players and game theoreticians have long been involved in the game of chess and have significantly contributed to the development of chess, which has been described as the "Jewish National game". Of the first 13 undisputed world champions, over 50% were Jewish, including the first two. The Modern school of chess espoused by Wilhelm Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch; the Hypermodernism influenced by Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti; and the Soviet Chess School promoted by Mikhail Botvinnik were all strongly influenced by Jewish players. Other influential Jewish chess theoreticians, writers and players include Zukertort, Tartakower, Lasker, Rubinstein, Breyer, Spielmann, Reshevsky, Fine, Bronstein, Najdorf, Tal, Fischer, and Polgár.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1004505 )〕 Professor Arpad Elo, the inventor of the scientific rating system employed by the FIDE analysed some 476 major tournament players from the nineteenth century onward and of the fifty-one highest ranked players, approximately one-half were Jewish. One of the strongest ever players was the half Jewish Garry Kasparov, who was world No. 1 from 1985 until his retirement in 2005, however Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian"〔Garry Kasparov〕 preferring to follow his mother's faith. The strongest female chess player in history by far is the Jewish Judit Polgár.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml?list=men )〕 There is currently a strong Jewish presence among the world's best players. Currently, the world number two, Levon Aronian from Armenia, is half-Jewish. Beersheba in Israel is the city with the most chess grandmasters per capita in the world. Israel has also won one silver and one bronze medal at Chess Olympiads.〔http://www.olimpbase.org/index.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olimpbase.org%2Folympiads%2Fmen_results.html〕 The topic of Jewish participation in chess is discussed extensively in academic and popular literature. One such book devoted to the topic is ''(The Great Jewish Chess Champions )'' by Harold U. Ribalow and Meir Z. Ribalow, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-87052-305-8. Others include ''(Chess, Jews, and history )'', by Victor Keats, 1994, Oxford Academia Publishers, ISBN 1-899237-00-3, (''Chess Among the Jews: A Translation and Explanation of the Work of Moritz Steinschneider'' ), by Victor Keats, 1995, ISBN 1-899237-02-X, ''(Chess in Jewish history and Hebrew literature )'', by Victor Keats, 1995, Magnes Press, ISBN 965-223-915-1, and (''Can I Play Chess on Shabbas'' ), by Joe Bobker, 2008, ISBN 965-229-422-5. ''See also'' ''(Jewish chess masters on stamps )'', by Felix Berkovich and N. J. Divinsky, McFarland, 2000, ISBN 0-7864-0683-6. H.G. Wells, himself a chessplayer, discusses the eminence of the Jewish race in chess, in his History of the World. The Museum of Jewish Heritage is developing a special gallery relating to Jews in sports and chess, which will recognize "major Jewish chess players such as Garry Kasparov, Mikhail Tal, and Judith Polgar". ==List== The list refers to chess players who are Jews and have attained outstanding achievements in chess. Bold face denotes current competitor. * Aaron (Albert) Alexandre, German-born French-English * Simon Alapin, Lithuanian〔 * Levon Aronian * Arnold Aurbach, Polish-born French * Yuri Averbakh, Russian grandmaster, 2445 * Ossip Bernstein, Ukrainian-born French grandmaster〔 * Arthur Bisguier, US grandmaster, 2455〔 * Isaac Boleslavsky, Ukrainian-born Soviet grandmaster * Mikhail Botvinnik, Russian/Soviet grandmaster & World champion〔 * David Bronstein, Ukrainian-born Soviet grandmaster, * Oscar Chajes, Ukrainian/Polish/Austrian-born US * Vitaly Chekhover, Russian * Erich Cohn, German * Wilhelm Cohn, German〔(Chess ), JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2010-06-21.〕 * Moshe Czerniak, Polish-born Palestinian/Israeli * Arnold Denker, US grandmaster, 2293 *Daniil Dubov, Russian grandmaster〔 * Arthur Dunkelblum, Polish-born Belgian * Roman Dzindzichashvili, Georgian-born Israeli American grandmaster, 2550 * Berthold Englisch, Austrian * Larry Evans, US grandmaster, 2530〔 * Reuben Fine, US grandmaster * Bobby Fischer, US grandmaster & World champion〔 * Alexander Flamberg, Polish * Salo Flohr, Ukrainian-born Czech & Soviet grandmaster * Paulino Frydman, Polish-born Argentine〔 * Boris Gelfand, Belarusian-born Israeli grandmaster * Efim Geller, Ukrainian-born Soviet grandmaster〔 * Harry Golombek, English * Eduard Gufeld, Ukrainian grandmaster, 2565 * Boris Gulko, German-born Russian US grandmaster, 2644 * Isidor Gunsberg, Hungarian-born English〔 * Ilya Gurevich, Russian-born US grandmaster & junior World champion, 2575 * Mikhail Gurevich, Ukrainian-born Russian Turkish grandmaster, 2694 * Lev Gutman, Latvian-born Israeli German grandmaster, 2547 * Daniel Harrwitz, Prussian/Polish/German-born English French * Israel Horowitz, US〔 * Bernhard Horwitz, German-born English〔 * Dawid Janowski, Belarusian/Polish-born French grandmaster〔 * Max Judd, US〔 * Gregory Kaidanov, Ukrainian-born Russian US grandmaster, 2695 * Julio Kaplan, Argentine-born Puerto Rican US grandmaster & World junior champion〔 * Mona May Karff, Moldovan-born US woman master〔 * Isaac Kashdan, US grandmaster〔 * Garry Kasparov (born "Garry Weinstein"), The offspring of an Azeri-borne Jewish father & an ethnic Armenian mother ("née Gasparian"), Establishing himself as a highly successful Soviet/Russian grandmaster & World champion from a young age, Kasparov dominated the chess world until his retirement on March 10, 2005. He is often considered by chess aficionados, professional analysts as well as his fellow players & peers, to be the greatest chess player of all time. * Alexander Khalifman, Russian grandmaster & World champion, * Ignatz von Kolisch, Hungarian/Slovakian-born Austrian grandmaster〔 * George Koltanowski, Belgian-born US grandmaster〔 * Viktor Korchnoi, Russian-born Dutch Swiss grandmaster, 2695〔 * Yair Kraidman, Israeli grandmaster, 2455 * Abraham Kupchik, Belarusian/Polish-born US〔 * Alla Kushnir, Russian Israeli woman grandmaster, 2430〔 * Salo Landau, Polish-born Dutch, killed by the Nazis * Edward Lasker, Polish/German-born US * Emanuel Lasker, Prussian/German/Polish-born US grandmaster & World champion〔 * Grigory Levenfish, Polish/Russian-born grandmaster * Irina Levitina, Russian-born US woman grandmaster〔 * Vladimir Liberzon, Russian-born Israeli grandmaster * Andor Lilienthal, Russian-born Hungarian/Soviet grandmaster * Johann Löwenthal, Hungarian-born US English〔 * Moishe Lowtzky, Ukrainian-born Polish, killed by Nazis * Gyula Makovetz, Hungarian * Jonathan Mestel, British grandmaster & World U-16 champion, 2540 * Jacques Mieses, German-born English grandmaster〔 * Miguel Najdorf, Polish-born Argentine grandmaster〔 * Aron Nimzowitsch, Latvian-born Danish〔 * Isaias Pleci, Argentine * Judit Polgár, Hungarian grandmaster, 2735〔 * Susan Polgár, Hungarian-born US grandmaster & World champion, 2577〔https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/JuditPolgar.html〕 * Zsófia Polgár, Hungarian-born Israeli international master, 2500〔 * Lev Polugaevsky, Belarusian/Soviet grandmaster, 2640 * Dawid Przepiórka, Polish, killed by Nazis〔 * Vyacheslav Ragozin, Russian grandmaster〔 * Teimour Radjabov, Azerbaijani grandmaster * Samuel Reshevsky, Polish-born US grandmaster * Richard Réti, Slovakian/Hungarian-born Czech〔 * Maxim Rodshtein, Israeli U-16 World champion * Kenneth Rogoff, US grandmaster * Samuel Rosenthal, Polish-born French〔 * Akiba Rubinstein, Polish grandmaster〔 * Gersz Salwe, Polish grandmaster〔 * Emanuel Schiffers, Russian * Vasily Smyslov, Soviet/Russian grandmaster & World champion, * Gennady Sosonko, Russian-born Dutch grandmaster * Jon Speelman, English grandmaster〔 * Rudolf Spielmann, Austrian-born Swedish〔 * Leonid Stein, Ukrainian-born Russian grandmaster * Endre Steiner, Hungarian * Herman Steiner, Slovakian/Hungarian-born US * Lajos Steiner, Romanian/Hungarian-born Australian * Wilhelm Steinitz, Czech-born Austrian & US grandmaster & World champion〔 * Emil Sutovsky, Israeli grandmaster, 2697 * László Szabó, Hungarian grandmaster * Mark Taimanov, Soviet/Russian grandmaster * Mikhail Tal, Soviet/Latvian grandmaster & World champion, * Siegbert Tarrasch, Polish/German grandmaster & Senior World champion * Savielly Tartakower, Russian-born Austrian/Polish/French grandmaster〔 * Max Weiss, Slovakian/Hungarian-born Austrian〔 * Simon Winawer, Polish〔 * Leonid Yudasin, Russian-born Israeli grandmaster, 2692 * Tatiana Zatulovskaya, Azeri-born Russian Israeli woman grandmaster〔 * Johannes Zukertort, Polish-born German English〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Jewish chess players」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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